CONCEPT OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. In a broader sense, the architecture includes designing and building the overall built environment, from the macro level of town planning, urban design, landscape architecture, down to the micro level of the building design, furniture design and product design. Architecture also refers to the results of the design process.

The scope and the desire

According to Vitruvius in his book De Architectura (which is the oldest written sources which still exists today), a good building should choose a beauty / Aesthetics (Venustas), Strength (Firmitas), and Purpose / Function (Utilities); architecture can be said to be a balance and coordination between the three elements, and there is no one element overpowering the others. In the modern definition, architecture should include consideration of function, aesthetics, and psikologis.Namun, it can be said also that the elements of the function itself in it already includes both aesthetic and psychological elements.

Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including the math, science, art, technology, humanities, politics, history, philosophy, and so on.
Citing Vitruvius, "Architecture is a science arising from other sciences, and is equipped with the learning process: assisted with the assessment of the work as a work of art".
He adds that an architect should be well versed in the field of music, astronomy, and so on.

Philosophy is one of the major architectural approaches. Rationalism, empiricism, phenomenology structuralism, post-structuralism, and dekonstruktivisme are some directions from philosophy influencing architecture.

Theory And Practice

The importance of the theory to be a reference to the practice should not be overly emphasized, although many architects shun theory altogether.
Vitruvius said: "The practice and theory are its parents. Practice is an ongoing reflection on the implementation of a project or process by hand, the process of conversion of the material in the best way. Theory is the result of that reasoning that explains the process of conversion of the material into the final result as
response to an issue. A practical architect is not able to explain the basic theory and basic reason of the forms he chose. while practicing architect who theorize without just stick to the "shadow" rather than substance. An architect who hold to the theory and practice , he had multiple weapons. he can prove the truth of the results of the design and also can make it happen in implementation ".

History

For more details see the main article:

Architectural history architecture born of the dynamics between needs (conducive environmental conditions, security, etc.) and means (available building materials and construction technologies).
Prehistoric and primitive architecture constitute this early stage. Then humans progressed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, architecture evolved into a craft. At this stage there was the trial process, improvisation, or impersonation to become a successful outcome.
The architect is not a significant figure, he merely continued the tradition.
Vernacular architecture born of such an approach and is still practiced in many parts of past human dunia.Permukiman essentially rural.
Then comes the surplus production, rural societies transformed into urban ones.
The complexity of building and typology increases.
Technological development of public facilities such as roads and bridges is growing.
New building typologies such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities also appear.
Religious architecture remains an important part of society. Architectural styles developed and texts on architecture began to appear. The written works into a collection of rules (canons) to be followed in the construction of religious architecture.
Examples of these include the canon of written works by Vitruvius, or Vaastu Shastra of ancient India.
In the Classical period and the European Middle Ages, the building is not the work of individual architects, but professional associations (guilds) was formed by the artisan / skill building experts to organize proyek.Pada the Enlightenment, the humanities and the emphasis on individual becomes more important than religion,
and a new beginning in the architecture.
Development assigned to individual architects - Michaelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci - and the cult of the individual had begun.
But at that moment, there is no clear dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the other labor-related. At this stage, an artist to design a bridge for structural calculations it is still umum.Bersamaan with the incorporation of knowledge from different disciplines (eg engineering), and the emergence of new building materials and technology, the architect began to lose ground on the technical aspects of building
toward aesthetics.
Then the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with Bouwheer (client) is rich and concentrated on the visual elements in the form of referring to historical examples.
In the 19th century, the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France to train prospective architects create sketches and drawings emphasize konteksnya.Sementara pretty without it, the Industrial Revolution opened the door for mass consumption and aesthetics started becoming a criterion even for the middle class . Ornamented products, once within the scope of the limited aesthetic expensive skills, become affordable through mass production. Such products lacked the beauty and honesty in the expression of a process produksi.Ketidakpuasan against such a situation in the early 20th century gave birth to the ideas that underlie modern architecture, among others, Deutscher Werkbund (formed in 1907) that manufactures artificial objects
machines with better quality is the point in the rise of the profession of industrial design.
After that, the Bauhaus school (founded in Germany in 1919) rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and teknologi.Ketika Modern Architecture began to be practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic. Truth sought by rejecting history and turning to function that gave birth to the form.
Architects became prominent figures and were dubbed as "the master". Later modern architecture moved into the realm of mass production due to its simplicity and economy.
However, the general public feel any decrease in the quality of modern architecture in the 1960s, partly because of lack of meaning, sterility, ugliness, uniformity, and psychological effects.
Most architects answered through Post-Modern Architecture by attempting a more populist architecture common in the visual level, despite the expense of depth. Robert Venturi argued that "shack adorned / decorated shed" (an ordinary building which its interior is functionally designed and embellished exterior) is better than a "duck / duck" (a building where both form and function into one).
Opinions Venturi Architecture approach is the basis of Post-Modern.Sebagian other architects (and also non-architects) responded by going to what they considered the root of the problem.
They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment.
Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones, Christopher Alexander started searching for a more inclusive process of design in order to get better results. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral, environmental, and social sciences were done perancangan.Bersamaan basic processes with increasing complexity of building, architecture becomes more multi-disciplinary than ever.
Architecture today needs a set of professional in the process. This is the state of the profession today.
Nevertheless, individual architects still favored and sought after in the design of building meaningful cultural symbol.
For example, an art museum for new experiments in style dekonstruktivis be today, tomorrow maybe something lain.Kesimpulan human production building is the most visible.
However, most buildings are still designed by themselves or masons in developing countries, or through production standards in developed countries.
Architect remain marginalized in the production building. Expertise sought only architect in the construction of complex building types, or buildings which have cultural significance / political matters.
And this is what the public perceives as architecture.
Role of the architect, though changing, never became a major and never stand alone. Always there will be dialogue between society and the architect. And the result is a dialogue which can be termed architecture as a product and a discipline.